Plate from The Canon of medicine by the Persian physician & philosopher Abu-Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Abdullah Ibn Sina, known also as Avicenna. Avicenna was born in Bukhara, now the Soviet Union & died in northwest Iran in 1037. Numerous books were attributed to him: the most important being his medical works. This excerpt demonstrates the treatment for a fracture-dislocation to the spinal column. Top, pressure is applied using leverage on a board; middle, pressure is applied by pounding with a heavy instrument; bottom, the patient is in traction & experiencing local manipulation.